American Rescue Plan Act Strengthens Medicaid, Better Equips States to Combat the Pandemic
End Notes
[1] For more information on the incentives for Medicaid expansion in the Act, see Tara Straw et al., “Health Provisions in American Rescue Plan Act Would Improve Access to Health Coverage During COVID Crisis,” CBPP, March 11, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/health-provisions-in-american-rescue-plan-act-improve-access-to-health-coverage.
[2] Priya Chidambaram and MaryBeth Musumeci, “Potential Impact of Additional Federal Funds for Medicaid HCBS for Seniors and People with Disabilities,” Kaiser Family Foundation, March 15, 2021, https://www.kff.org/report-section/potential-impact-of-additional-federal-funds-for-medicaid-hcbs-for-seniors-and-people-with-disabilities-table/.
[3] Molly O’Malley Watts, MaryBeth Musumeci, and Priya Chidambaram, “Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Enrollment and Spending,” Kaiser Family Foundation, February 4, 2020, https://www.kff.org/report-section/medicaid-home-and-community-based-services-enrollment-and-spending-issue-brief/.
[4] Kaiser Family Foundation, “State COVID-19 Data and Policy Actions,” February 3, 2021, https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/state-covid-19-data-and-policy-actions/#long-term-care-cases-deaths.
[5] Jessica Schubel, “States Are Leveraging Medicaid to Respond to COVID-19,” CBPP, September 2, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/states-are-leveraging-medicaid-to-respond-to-covid-19.
[6] Michael Leachman and Elizabeth McNichol, “Despite Improved State Fiscal Conditions, Serious Challenges Remain, Including for Localities, Tribal Nations, and Territories,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, February 26, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/despite-improved-state-fiscal-conditions-serious-challenges-remain.
[7] MaryBeth Musumeci, Molly O’Malley Watts, and Priya Chidambaram, “Key State Policy Choices About Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services,” Kaiser Family Foundation, February 4, 2020, https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/key-state-policy-choices-about-medicaid-home-and-community-based-services/.
[8] National Council for Behavioral Health, “Demand for Mental Health and Addiction Services Increasing as COVID-19 Pandemic Continues to Threaten Availability of Treatment Options,” September 9, 2020, https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/press-releases/demand-for-mental-health-and-addiction-services-increasing-as-covid-19-pandemic-continues-to-threaten-availability-of-treatment-options/.
[9] See, for example, Katherine Hayes et al., “Integrating Clinical and Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities,” Bipartisan Policy Center, January 2019, https://bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Integrating-Clinical-and-Mental-Health-Challenges-and-Opportunities.pdf; Dana Foney and Shannon Mace, “Factors that Influence Access to Medication-Assisted Treatment,” University of Michigan Behavioral Health Workforce Research Center and the National Council for Behavioral Health, August 2019, http://www.behavioralhealthworkforce.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Factors-that-Influence-MAT_Full-Report.pdf; Steve Melek, Stoddard Davenport, and T.J. Gray, “Addiction and mental health vs. physical health: Widening disparities in network use and provider reimbursement,” Milliman, November 19, 2019, http://assets.milliman.com/ektron/Addiction_and_mental_health_vs_physical_health_Widening_disparities_in_network_use_and_provider_reimbursement.pdf; and Lisa Clemans-Cope et al., “Leveraging Medicaid to Address Opioid and Substance Use Disorders in Maine: Ten State Policy Options from an Expedited Review,” Urban Institute, June 2019, https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/100443/2019.06.20_mainecare_report_final_7.pdf.
[10] The Families First Coronavirus Response Act enacted last March prevents states from ending Medicaid coverage for the duration of the public health emergency, which will last at least until the end of 2021, so postpartum people are currently receiving more than 60 days of postpartum coverage.
[11] Kaiser Family Foundation, “Medicaid and CHIP Income Eligibility Limits for Pregnant Women as a Percent of the Federal Poverty Level, January 1, 2020, https://www.kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/medicaid-and-chip-income-eligibility-limits-for-pregnant-women-as-a-percent-of-the-federal-poverty-level/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D.
[12] Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission, “Medicaid’s Role in Maternal Health,” June 2020, https://www.macpac.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Chapter-5-Medicaid%E2%80%99s-Role-in-Maternal-Health.pdf;
[13] Usha Ranji, Ivette Gomez, and Alina Salganicoff, “Expanding Postpartum Medicaid Coverage,” Kaiser Family Foundation, December 21, 2020, https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/expanding-postpartum-medicaid-coverage/:~:text=Pregnancy-related%20coverage%20for%20the,is%20up%20to%20the%20states.
[14] MACPAC 2020; See also Emily E. Petersen et al., “Vital Signs: Pregnancy-Related Deaths, United States, 2011-2015, and Strategies for Prevention, 13 States, 2013-2017,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, May 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/pdfs/mm6818e1-H.pdf.
[15] Jesse Cross-Call, “Medicaid Expansion Has Helped Narrow Racial Disparities in Health Coverage and Access to Care,” CBPP, October 21, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/medicaid-expansion-has-helped-narrow-racial-disparities-in-health-coverage-and.
[16] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “Crisis Services: Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Funding Strategies,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014, https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/SAMSHA%20Publication%20on%20Effectiveness%20%26%20Cost-Effectiveness%20of%2C%20and%20Funding%20Strategies%20for%2C%20Crisis%20Services%206-5-14_8.pdf.
[17] Julie Tate, Jennifer Jenkins, and Steven Rich, “988 People Have Been Shot and Killed by Police in the Past Year,” Washington Post, updated March 17, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/?itid=lk_inline_manual_3; Amam Z Saleh et al., “Deaths of People with Mental Illness During Interactions with Law Enforcement,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, May-June 2018, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29853001/.
[18] White Bird Clinic, “What is CAHOOTS?” October 2020, https://whitebirdclinic.org/what-is-cahoots/; Jackson Beck, Melissa Reuland, and Leah Pope, “Behavioral Health Crisis Alternatives—Case Study: Cahoots, Eugene, Oregon,” Vera Institute of Justice, November 2020, https://www.vera.org/behavioral-health-crisis-alternatives/cahoots.
[19] Amy Watson, Michael Compton, and Leah Pope, “Crisis Response Services for People with Mental Illnesses or Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Review of the Literature on Police-based and Other First Response Models,” Vera Institute of Justice, October 2019, https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/crisis-response-services-for-people-with-mental-illnesses-or-intellectual-and-developmental-disabilities.pdf.